Device and method for determining an inverse of a value related to a modulus

ABSTRACT

A device for determining an inverse of an initial value related to a modulus, comprising a unit configured to process an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, wherein an iteration includes two modular reductions and has, as an iteration loop result, values obtained by an iteration loop of an extended Euclidean algorithm.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/871,314, filed on Oct. 12, 2007.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to cryptographic algorithms and, in particular, to algorithms for determining an inverse of a value related to a modulus.

Computations of inverses, in particular, a computation of the modular multiplicative inverse Z₀ ⁻¹ mod N₀, wherein Z₀ and N₀ are two non-negative integers with gcd(Z₀,N₀)=1 (gcd=greatest common divisor) are e.g. an important component when determining cryptographic keys. They are needed e.g. when determining cryptographic keys for the RSA-algorithm (named after Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman) or other cryptographic algorithms as e.g. the ECDSA-algorithm (ECDSA=Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm). In this context, the integer Z₀ or N₀ is a secret that should not be revealed by an attacker.

The common algorithm used for computing Z₀ ⁻¹ mod N₀ is the extended Euclidean algorithm which results from the Euclidean algorithm that is extended so that it not only yields the greatest common divisor of two integers Z₀ and N₀, but also integers x and y satisfying Z₀x+N₀y=d, where d=gcd(Z₀,N₀).

The extended Euclidean algorithm contains a division in an iteration loop (e.g. a while-loop) wherein the division is again typically realized by another iteration loop in which the involved integers are shifted and subtracted or added.

There are several methods to restructure the extended Euclidean algorithm to realize it on a microprocessor. Typically, all these methods or variants have one thing in common: They consist of an outer and an inner iteration loop, wherein the outer iteration loop corresponds to a loop exchanging integer pairs and the inner loop corresponds to the implementation of the division. Routines of this kind are susceptible to SPA (SPA=Simple Power Analysis) attacks since the current or power consumption and, additionally, the time consumption depend on the numbers to be processed. An attacker could thus draw conclusions as to the numbers processed from the current or time profile and thus for example spy out a secret key of a public-key crypto algorithm as e.g. the input Z₀.

Hence, it is desirable to implement the division within the outer iteration loop more securely.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide a device for determining an inverse of an initial value related to a modulus comprising a unit for processing an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, wherein an iteration includes two modular reductions and has, as an iteration loop result, values obtained by an iteration loop of the extended Euclidean algorithm.

Further, embodiments of the present invention provide a device for determining an inverse of an initial value related to a modulus comprising a unit for processing an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, the unit being adapted for performing, within an iteration, the following steps: determining a preliminary first iteration result value based on the first iteration result value of a preceding iteration or an initial first iteration result value of a first iteration and a modular reduction with respect to a modulus determined using an iteration modulus of a preceding iteration or the initial value in case of a first iteration loop, a second iteration result value of the preceding iteration or an initial second iteration result value of a first iteration and an enlargement parameter, performing a modular reduction of an iteration value with respect to the iteration modulus resulting in an updated iteration value, and extracting a first iteration result value from the preliminary first iteration result value using the updated iteration value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail referring to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1 a and 1 b show flow charts of the extended Euclidean algorithm;

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a device for determining an inverse according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIGS. 3 a and 3 b show flow charts of an algorithm for determining an inverse according to embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 a shows a flow chart of the conventional extended Euclidean algorithm.

Inputs into the extended Euclidean algorithm are two non-negative integers N₀, Z₀ with gcd(Z₀,N₀)=1. The output of the extended Euclidean algorithm is then the modular multiplicative inverse Z₀ mod N₀.

In a first step S10, initial first and second iteration result values n₀, z₀ are determined, respectively. The initial first iteration result value n₀ is set to 0. The initial second iteration result value z₀ is set to 1 in step S10, as well as the iteration counter i.

In a second step S20 of the extended Euclidean algorithm, an iteration loop is executed as long as an iteration loop requirement, i.e. an iteration modulus is greater than 0, is fulfilled. Thereby, the iteration modulus Z_(i-1) corresponds to the iteration modulus determined in the preceding iteration to the i-th iteration or the initial value Z₀ in case of the first iteration, i.e. i=1.

Within the i-th iteration of the iteration loop S20 an integer result

$\begin{matrix} {q_{i} = \left\lfloor \frac{N_{i - 1}}{Z_{i - 1}} \right\rfloor} & (1) \end{matrix}$

of a division of a numerator by a denominator in form of the iteration modulus Z_(i-1) is computed in step S21. In a next iteration step S22 within the i-th iteration, a value N_(i) is computed according to

N _(i) =N _(i-1) −q _(i) Z _(i-1),  (2)

wherein N_(i) corresponds to the remainder of the integer division according to equation (1) and shall be denoted as iteration value in the following. N_(i-1) shall be denoted as iteration value of the preceding, i.e. the (i−1)-th iteration. N_(i) could also be computed according to

N _(i) =N _(i-1) mod Z _(i-1),  (3)

In a further iteration step S23 of the extended Euclidean algorithm a first iteration result value n_(i) is determined according to

n _(i) =n _(i-1) −q _(i) ·Z _(i-1),  (4)

wherein n_(i-1) denotes the first iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial first iteration result value n₀ in case i=1.

In a next iteration step S24, the iteration modulus Z_(i) of the current, i.e. i-th, iteration is set to the iteration modulus Z_(i-1) of the preceding, i.e. (i−1)-th, iteration. Likewise the second iteration result value z_(i) of the current iteration is set to the second iteration result value of the preceding, i.e. (i−1)-th, iteration. Further, the first iteration result value n_(i) of the i-th iteration is exchanged or swapped with the second iteration result value z_(i) of the current iteration such that z_(i) becomes n_(i) and n_(i) becomes z_(i). Further, the i-th iteration value N_(i) is exchanged or swapped with the i-th iteration modulus Z_(i) such that Z_(i) becomes N_(i) and N_(i) becomes Z_(i). For swapping two values, an auxiliary register is typically required for temporarily storing one of the two values to be swapped.

In a next step S25 the iteration counter i is incremented by one.

As long as the iteration loop requirement, i.e. Z_(i-1)>0, is fulfilled, the iteration loop S20 is performed. If the iteration loop requirement does not hold, i.e. Z_(i-1)≦0, the iteration loop S20 is left and the first iteration result value n_(i-1) of the last executed iteration which contains the desired multiplicative inverse Z₀ ⁻¹ mod N₀ is returned in step S30 of the extended Euclidean algorithm depicted in FIG. 1 a.

For a person skilled in the art it is obvious that the indexing depicted in FIG. 1 a could also look different. Furthermore, the swapping of the register contents in step S24 can be omitted if the method is performed as depicted in FIG. 1 b. The results are, of course, identical, respectively.

As can be seen, the extended Euclidean algorithm contains an integer division in iteration step S21 of the iteration loop S20. Typically, this integer division is again realized by a loop in which the involved numbers or respective register contents (here: N_(i-1), Z_(i-1)) get shifted and subtracted or added. It can be seen from iteration step S23, that the multiplicative inverse Z₀ ⁻¹ mod N₀ is iteratively determined in n_(i) using the integer result q_(i). With e.g. a simple power analysis (SPA) an attacker might be able to find out the secret initial value Z₀ by running the complete computation in reverse.

By trying to securely implement the division step S21, it might be possible to hide the exact value of the integer result q_(i). This can be achieved by designing decisions during program or algorithm execution such that it is not possible to find out which program path is currently taken. However, by doing this, there might still be enough side channel information to expose valuable information to an attacker.

Embodiments of the present invention solve this problem by replacing the integer division using a modular reduction being available for almost every cryptographic coprocessor. That is, a modular reduction takes the role of the division in embodiments of the present invention. Hence, the integer result q_(i) does not appear directly.

FIG. 2 shows a device 100 for determining an inverse of the initial value Z₀ related to the initial modulus N₀ according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The device 100 comprises a unit 110 for processing an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, wherein an iteration includes two modular reductions and has, as an iteration loop result, values obtained by a loop of the extended Euclidean algorithm.

According to embodiments of the present invention, the unit 110 is adapted for performing an iterative algorithm and comprises a first register 112 for the initial value Z₀ being also used for an iteration modulus value Z_(i). Further, the unit 110 comprises a second register 114 for the initial modulus N₀ also being used for an iteration value N_(i). The unit 110 also comprises a third register 116 for an initial first iteration result value n₀ also being used for a first iteration result value n_(i) and a preliminary first iteration result value n_(i)′. A fourth register 118 is comprised for an initial second iteration result value z₀ being also used for an second iteration result value z_(i). Further, the unit 110 comprises a fifth register 120 for an enlargement parameter t_(i), a sixth auxiliary register 122 for a swapping operation, and a processing sub-unit 130 for accessing the registers to retrieve register contents when processing the iterative algorithm in the plurality of iterations.

In a further embodiment, the unit 110 comprises a seventh register 124 for storing a bit length l of the initial modulus N₀.

An embodiment of the iterative algorithm shall be described in further detail referring to FIG. 3 a.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the unit 110 is adapted for setting initial values for a first n₀ and second iteration result value z₀, and for setting a bit length l equating the bit length of the initial modulus N₀ in a first step S40 before an iteration loop, i.e. n₀=0, z₀=1 and l=l(N₀). The iteration counter i is set to one.

In a next step S50, the plurality of iterations is performed as long as an iteration loop requirement is fulfilled. As for the extended Euclidean algorithm having been explained referring to FIG. 1, the plurality of iterations are executed as long as an iteration modulus is larger than 0. Step S50 comprises iteration steps of the i-th iteration loop, with i being an integer greater than or equal 1.

The unit 110 is, according to an embodiment of the present invention, adapted for determining an enlargement parameter t_(i) in a step S51. Thereby, the enlargement parameter t_(i) depends on a bit length of the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration and on the bit length of the initial modulus N₀. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the enlargement factor t_(i) is determined according to

t _(i)≧2^(l+2-l(Z) _(i-1) ⁾,  (5)

wherein l denotes the bit length of the initial modulus N₀ and l(Z_(i-1)) denotes the bit length of the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration (i−1). In equation (5) the number 2 is the base since exemplarily only a binary number system is considered here, while the enlargement parameter t_(i) results when the base 2 is raised to the power of an exponent e. In general, the enlargement parameter t_(i) has to fulfill the following condition:

t _(i)>(q _(i)+1)|z _(i-1)|  (6)

The reason for the inequality (6) will become evident further below.

It is preferred to rather select the enlargement parameter to be small since the enlargement parameter determines the length of the registers required for calculating the division result. If the enlargement parameter was selected to be very large, very long registers would be required, while shorter registers are sufficient when the enlargement parameter t_(i) is selected to be smaller. Equation (5) indicates the preferred dimensioning of the exponent e for the binary case, i.e. e=1+2−l(Z_(i-1)).

In a further iteration step S52, the unit 110 determines a preliminary first iteration result value n_(i)′ based on the first iteration result value of a preceding iteration or the initial first iteration value n₀ in case of the first iteration and a modular reduction with respect to a modulus determined using the iteration modulus Z_(i-1) of a preceding iteration or the initial value Z₀ in the case of the first iteration, and the second iteration result value z_(i-1) of the preceding iteration or the initial second iteration result value z₀ in case of the first iteration, and the enlargement parameter t_(i). In particular, the unit 110 determines the preliminary first iteration result value n_(i)′ in step S52 based on the following equation

n _(i) ′=n _(i-1)+[(N _(i-1) ·t _(i))mod(z _(i-1) +Z _(i-1) ·t _(i))],  (7)

wherein n_(i) denotes the preliminary first iteration result value, n_(i-1) denotes the first iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial first iteration result value n₀ for i=1, N_(i-1) denotes the iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus N₀ for i=1, z_(i-1) denotes the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial second iteration result value z₀ for i=1, Z_(i-1) denotes the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration or the initial value Z₀ in case of the first iteration (i=1) and t_(i) denotes the enlargement parameter of the i-th iteration.

A multiplication with the enlargement parameter t_(i) can be efficiently realized by a shift operation to shift the respective register contents for N_(i-1) or Z_(i-1) to more significant bit positions, wherein the number of shifted bit positions corresponds to the exponent e=1+2−l(Z_(i-1)) of the base 2. Hence, the enlargement parameter t_(i) can be regarded as a modulus shift value and (Z_(i-1)t_(i)) can be regarded as an enlarged modulus.

The modulus shift value is, according to embodiments, determined by the processing sub-unit or the controller 130, wherein the controller 130 comprises a first processing sub-unit 140, e.g. a general purpose microprocessor, for processing numbers having a first bit length, e.g. 64 bits. Further, the unit 110 comprises a second processing sub-unit 150, e.g. a cryptographic coprocessor, for processing numbers having a second wordlength, e.g. 1024 bits, the second wordlength being greater than the first bit length. Further, the controller 130 is configured to shift the content of the modulus register 112 to more significant bit positions by a number of register bit-positions e.g. corresponding to the exponent e=1+2−l(Z_(i-1)) to obtain a shifted content.

In a next iteration step S53, a modular reduction of the iteration value N_(i-1) of the preceding iteration with respect to the iteration modulus Z_(i-1) of the preceding iteration is performed according to

N _(i) =N _(i-1) mod Z _(i-1)  (8)

resulting in an updated iteration value N_(i).

In yet a further iteration step S54, the first iteration result value n_(i) is extracted from the preliminary first iteration result value n_(i)′ using the iteration value N_(i) according to

n _(i) =n _(i) ′−N _(i) ·t _(i).  (9)

In a last iteration step S55 of an embodiment of the present invention, the iteration modulus Z_(i) of the current, i.e. i-th, iteration is set to the iteration modulus Z_(i-1) of the preceding, i.e. (i−1)-th, iteration. Likewise the second iteration result value z_(i) of the current iteration is set to the second iteration result value z_(i-1) of the preceding, i.e. (i−1)-th, iteration. Further, values between the first and second iteration result values n_(i), z_(i) and between the iteration modulus Z_(i) and the iteration value N_(i) are swapped or exchanged such that z_(i) becomes n_(i) and n_(i) becomes z_(i) and such that Z_(i) becomes N_(i) and N_(i) becomes Z_(i).

In other words, the contents of the register 116 of the device 100 for the first iteration result value n_(i) or the initial first iteration result value n₀ in case of a first iteration and the register 118 of the device 100 for the second iteration result value z_(i), the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration z_(i-1) or the initial second iteration result value z₀ in case of a first iteration are swapped. Further, the contents of the register 112 of the device 100 for the iteration modulus Z_(i), the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration Z_(i-1) or the initial value Z₀ in case of a first iteration and the register 114 of the device 100 for the updated iteration value N_(i), the iteration value of the preceding iteration N_(i-1) or the initial modulus N₀ in case of a first iteration are swapped.

In further embodiments of the present invention the step S55 of swapping can also be performed at the beginning of each iteration by swapping register contents for the first iteration result value and the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration and by swapping register contents for the iteration modulus and the iteration value of the preceding iteration, or the respective initial values in case of a first iteration.

In a next step S56 the iteration counter i is incremented by one.

Before the next iteration of the iteration loop S50, the iteration requirement is checked, i.e. it is checked whether the iteration modulus Z_(i-1) of the preceding iteration is greater than 0.

If this is the case, the next iteration is executed. If the iteration requirement is not fulfilled, then the first iteration result value n_(i-1) of the last executed iteration is returned in a step S60 containing Z₀ ⁻¹ mod N₀ or (Z₀ ⁻¹ mod N₀)−N₀.

Further, the swapping operation in step S55 could also be omitted by simple algorithmic modifications. If, e.g., n_(i) was replaced by z_(i)′ in step S52, N_(i) was replaced by Z_(i) in step S53, n_(i), n_(i)′ and N_(i) were replaced by z_(i), z_(i)′ and Z_(i), respectively, in step S54, and Z_(i)=Z_(i-1), z_(i)=z_(i-1) were replaced by N_(i)=N_(i-1), n_(i)=n_(i-1) respectively, in step S55, the swapping operation in step S55 could be omitted as depicted in FIG. 3 b.

For a person skilled in the art it is further obvious that the indexing depicted in FIG. 3 a could also look different.

The cryptographic coprocessor 150 is adapted to perform the modular reduction according to equation (7) and/or (8). According to embodiments of the present invention in the modular reduction algorithm a modular reduction is performed on a target value by subtracting an enlarged modulus. For that, not necessarily in the cryptographic coprocessor 150, a modulus shift value is determined and a modulus is enlarged using the modulus shift value to obtain the enlarged modulus. The enlarged modulus is then subtracted from the target value.

The general purpose microprocessor 140 performs an iteration control of the iterative algorithm or the iteration-loop S50 according to embodiments of the present invention.

In the following the inventive algorithm depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 3 a shall be described in more detail, and compared to the extended Euclidean algorithm depicted in the flow chart of FIG. 1 a.

Using equation (2) of step S22 of the extended Euclidean algorithm, equation (1) of step S21 can be transformed as follows:

N _(i-1) =q _(i) ·Z _(i-1) +N _(i),  (10)

wherein the value N_(i) is greater than or equal to 0 and smaller than Z_(i-1). When equation (10) is multiplied by the enlargement parameter t_(i), the following equation results:

N _(i-1) ·t ₁ =q _(i) Z _(i-1) ·t _(i) +N _(i) ·t _(i).  (11)

When additionally equation (3) is also multiplied by the enlargement parameter t_(i) on both sides, the following equation results:

N _(i) ·t _(i) =N _(i-1) ·t _(i) mod(Z _(i-1) ·t _(i)).  (12)

In addition, the following applies:

0≦N _(i) ·t _(i) <Z _(i-1) ·t _(i).  (13)

The z_(i-1)-fold integer result q_(i) is then added to (or subtracted from), and simultaneously subtracted from (or added to) the right side of equation (11), which corresponds to the following equation:

N _(i-1) ·t _(i) =q _(i) Z _(i-1) ·t _(i) +z _(i-1) q _(i) +N _(i) ·t _(i) −z _(i-1) q _(i).  (14)

When equation (14) is transformed, such that the result q_(i) of the first two terms on the right hand side of equation (14) is factored out, the following expression results:

N _(i-1) t _(i) =q ₁(Z _(i-1) ·t _(i) +z _(i-1))+N _(i) ·t _(i) −z _(i-1) q _(i).  (15)

Equation (15) can be transformed to

N _(i) ·t _(i) −z _(i-1) q _(i) =N _(i-1) t _(i) −q _(i)(Z _(i-1) ·t _(i) +z _(i))  (16)

When equation (16) is then compared to equations (10) and (2), it becomes evident that equation (16) is a new determination equation for a new division, wherein the difference for the sum of the left side of equation (16), i.e. the auxiliary quantity (N_(i)t_(i)−z_(i-1)q_(i)) in which the result q_(i) sought for is contained, corresponds to the remainder of an integer division of a numerator by a denominator (Z_(i-1)t_(i)+z_(i-1)). The remainder of this division, i.e. the auxiliary quantity on the left side of equation (16) can be calculated by the following equation in analogy to equation (3):

N _(i) ·t _(i) −z _(i-1) q _(i)=(N _(i-1) t _(i))mod(Z _(i-1) ·t _(i) +z _(i-1))  (17)

When equation (17) with the difference on the left side is inserted into equation (7), the following results:

n _(i) ′=n _(i-1) +N _(i) ·t _(i) −z _(i-1) q _(i).  (18)

When equation (18) is then inserted into equation (9) the following equation results:

n _(i) ′=n _(i-1) −z _(i-1) q _(i).  (19)

Hence, equation (19) corresponds to equation (4) of step S23 of the extended Euclidean algorithm to determine the multiplicative inverse Z₀ ⁻¹ mod N₀.

Looking at equation (17) and coming back to the inequality (6) it becomes obvious to those skilled in the art why the enlargement parameter t_(i) should be, in any case, greater than (q_(i)+1)|z_(i-1)|. This is to ensure that the left-hand side of equation (17) does not become negative at any time. In particular, the enlargement parameter t_(i) has to be big enough, such that the left-hand side lies between zero and the modulus of the right-hand side of equation (17).

According to embodiments of the present invention the device 100 is hence configured as a side-channel-attack-secure-reduction hardware block and is at least part of a key generator for keys used in cryptographic applications. The device 100 is thereby adapted for generating e.g. a private key for an asymmetric cryptographic scheme, the cryptographic scheme comprising a key pair of the private key and a corresponding public key. The private key is kept secret, while the public key may be widely distributed. The keys are related mathematically, but the private key cannot be practically derived from the public key. A message encrypted with the public key can be decrypted only with the corresponding private key. For that the device 100 outputs a value (the modular multiplicative inverse) determined in a last iteration of a plurality of iterations as at least a part of the private key.

Hence, the present invention, due to its flexibility, safety and performance, is suitable in particular for cryptographic algorithms and for cryptographic coprocessors on which a safe and efficient implementation of the modular reduction is typically implemented by means of a circuit, in particular for cryptographic key-generation.

Depending on the circumstances, the inventive method may be implemented in hardware or in software. The implementation may be done on a digital storage medium, particularly a disk or a CD with electronically readable control signals, which may cooperate with a programmable computer system so that the method is executed. In general, the invention thus also consists in a computer program product with a program code stored on a machine-readable carrier for performing the inventive method when the computer program product runs on a computer. In other words, the invention may thus be realized as a computer program with a program code for performing the method when the computer program runs on a computer.

While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. 

1. A device for determining an inverse of an initial value related to a modulus, comprising: a unit configured to process an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, wherein an iteration includes two modular reductions and has, as an iteration loop result, values obtained by an iteration loop of an extended Euclidean algorithm, wherein an integer result of an integer division does not appear directly in the plurality of iterations, wherein the unit comprises a controller configured to perform the iteration loop as long as an iteration loop requirement is fulfilled, wherein the iteration loop is left, when the iteration loop requirement is not fulfilled, and wherein the iteration loop result of the last iteration is returned to obtain or to determine the inverse of the initial value, and wherein the unit comprises a hardware implementation.
 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the unit is configured to perform a modular reduction algorithm in which a modular reduction is performed on a target value by subtracting an enlarged modulus, and wherein the unit is further configured to: determine a modulus shift value; enlarge a modulus using the modulus shift value to obtain the enlarged modulus; and subtract the enlarged modulus from the target value.
 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the unit comprises a modulus register configured to store the modulus; a target value register configured to store the target value; and a controller configured to: determine the modulus shift value, shift a content of the modulus register to more significant bit positions by a number of register bit-positions to obtain a shifted content, the number of register bit-positions being determined by the shift value, and combine the shifted register content of the modulus register and a content of the target value register.
 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the unit comprises: a first processing sub-unit configured to process numbers having a first wordlength, and configured to perform an iteration control; and a second processing sub-unit configured to process numbers having a second wordlength, the second wordlength being greater than the first wordlength, and configured to perform the modular reduction.
 5. The device according to claim 4, wherein the second processing sub-unit is a hardware device specifically configured to perform a modular reduction, and wherein the first processing sub-unit is a general purpose processor.
 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device is a key generator for keys used in cryptographic applications.
 7. The device according to claim 6, which is configured to generate a private key for an asymmetric cryptographic scheme, the cryptographic scheme comprising a key pair of the private key and a corresponding public key.
 8. The device according to claim 7, which is configured to output a value determined in a last iteration of a plurality of iterations as the at least a part of the private key.
 9. A device for determining an inverse of an initial value related to an initial modulus, comprising: a unit configured to process an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, the unit being configured, within an iteration, to: determine a preliminary first iteration result value based on a first iteration result value of a preceding iteration or an initial first iteration result value in case of a first iteration and a modular reduction with respect to a modulus determined using an iteration modulus of the preceding iteration or the initial value in case of a first iteration, a second iteration result value or an initial second iteration result value in case of a first iteration and an enlargement parameter; perform a modular reduction of an iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus in case of a first iteration with respect to the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration resulting in an updated iteration value; and extract an first iteration result value from the preliminary first iteration result value using the updated iteration value, wherein an integer result of an integer division does not appear directly in the plurality of iterations, wherein the unit comprises a controller configured to perform the iteration loop as long as an iteration loop requirement is fulfilled, wherein the iteration loop is left, when the iteration loop requirement is not fulfilled, and wherein the iteration loop result of the last iteration is returned to obtain or to determine the inverse of the initial value, and wherein the unit comprises a hardware implementation.
 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the device comprises: a first register configured to store the first iteration result value, the first iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial first iteration result value in case of a first iteration; a second register configured to store the second iteration result value, the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial second iteration result value in case of a first iteration; a third register configured to store the iteration modulus, the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration or the initial value in case of a first iteration; and a fourth register configured to store the updated iteration value, the iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus in case of a first iteration, wherein swapping contents of the first and second register and swapping contents of the third and fourth register is performed within an iteration to enable access to the same four registers during each of the plurality of iterations for a processing sub-unit.
 11. The device according to claim 10, wherein the swapping is performed after extracting an first iteration result value and comprises swapping values between the first iteration result value and the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration and swapping values between the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration and the updated iteration value.
 12. The device according to claim 10, wherein the swapping is performed at the beginning of each iteration by swapping values between the first and the second iteration result values of the preceding iteration and swapping values between the iteration modulus and the updated iteration value of the preceding iteration or the respective initial values in case of a first iteration.
 13. The device according to claim 9, the unit being configured to further perform, within an iteration, the following before the step of determining the preliminary first iteration result value: determining the enlargement parameter depending on a bit length of the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration and on a bit length of the initial modulus.
 14. The device according to claim 13, wherein the enlargement parameter is determined satisfying the following equation: t _(i)=2^(l+2−l(Z) _(i-1) ⁾ wherein, l denotes the bit length of the initial modulus and l(Z_(i-1)) denotes the bit length of the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration.
 15. The device according to claim 9, wherein the unit is configured to further perform, within an iteration, the following before the step of determining the preliminary first iteration result value: determining the enlargement parameter according to t _(i)>(q _(i)+1)|z _(i-1)|, wherein q_(i) denotes an integer result of a division of the iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus in case of a first iteration and the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration, and z_(i-1) denotes the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial second iteration result value in case of a first iteration.
 16. The device according to claim 9, wherein the determining the preliminary first iteration result value is based on the following equation: n _(i) ′=n _(i-1)+[(N _(i-1) ·t _(i))mod(z _(i-1) +Z _(i-1) −t _(i))], wherein n_(i)′ denotes the preliminary first iteration result value, n_(i-1) denotes the first iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial first iteration result value in case of a first iteration, N_(i-1) denotes the iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus in case of a first iteration, z_(i-1) denotes the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial second iteration result value in case of the first iteration, Z_(i-1) denotes the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration or the initial value in case of the first iteration and t_(i) denotes the enlargement parameter.
 17. The device according to claim 9, wherein the performing a modular reduction of an iteration value is based on the following equation: N _(i) =N _(i-1) mod Z _(i-1), wherein N_(i) denotes the updated iteration value, N_(i-1) denotes the iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus in the case of the first iteration and Z_(i-1) denotes the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration or the initial value in case of the first iteration.
 18. The device according to claim 9, wherein the extracting is based on the following equation: n _(i) =n _(i) ′−N _(i) ·t _(i), wherein n_(i)′ corresponds to the preliminary first iteration result value, n_(i) denotes the first iteration result value, N_(i) denotes the updated iteration value and t_(i) denotes the enlargement parameter.
 19. A device for determining an inverse of an initial value related to a modulus using an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, the device comprising: a first register configured to store the initial value, and being used for an iteration modulus; a second register configured to store the initial modulus, and being used for an iteration value; a third register configured to store an initial first iteration result value, and being used for a first iteration result value and a preliminary first iteration result value; a fourth register configured to store an initial second iteration result value, and being used for a second iteration result value; a fifth register configured to store an enlargement parameter; a sixth auxiliary register configured to swap register contents; and a processing sub-unit configured to access the registers to retrieve register contents when processing an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, wherein an iteration includes two modular reductions and has, as an iteration loop result, values obtained by an iteration loop of an extended Euclidean algorithm, wherein an integer result of an integer division does not appear directly in the plurality of iterations, and wherein the unit comprises a controller configured to perform the iteration loop as long as an iteration loop requirement is fulfilled, wherein the iteration loop is left, when the iteration loop requirement is not fulfilled, and wherein the iteration loop result of the last iteration is returned to obtain or to determine the inverse of the initial value.
 20. The device according to claim 19, wherein the processing sub-unit is operative to access the registers to perform the following computations: n _(i) ′=n _(i-1)+[(N _(i-1) ·t _(i))mod(z _(i-1) +Z _(i-1) ·t _(i))], N _(i) =N _(i-1) mod Z _(i-1), n _(i) =n _(i) ′−N _(i) ·t _(i), wherein n_(i) denotes the first iteration result value, n_(i-1) denotes the first iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial first iteration result value in case of a first iteration, N_(i-1) denotes the iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus in case of a first iteration, z_(i-1) denotes the second iteration result value of the preceding iteration or the initial second iteration result value in case of the first iteration, Z_(i-1) denotes the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration or the initial value in case of the first iteration, t_(i) denotes the enlargement parameter and wherein n_(i)′ corresponds to the preliminary first iteration result value.
 21. A method for determining an inverse of an initial value related to a modulus, comprising: processing an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, wherein an iteration includes two modular reductions and has, as an iteration loop result, values obtained by an iteration loop of an extended Euclidean algorithm, wherein an integer result of an integer division does not appear directly in the plurality of iterations, wherein the iteration loop is performed as long as an iteration loop requirement is fulfilled, wherein the iteration loop is left, when the iteration loop requirement is not fulfilled, and wherein the iteration loop result of the last iteration is returned to obtain or to determine the inverse of the initial value, and wherein the processing is performed by a unit, the unit comprising a hardware implementation.
 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the processing comprises: determining a preliminary first iteration result value based on the first iteration result value of a preceding iteration or an initial first iteration result value in case of a first iteration and a modular reduction with respect to a modulus determined using an iteration modulus of the preceding iteration or the initial value in case of a first iteration, a second iteration result value or an initial second iteration result value in case of a first iteration and an enlargement parameter; performing a modular reduction of an iteration value of the preceding iteration or the initial modulus in case of a first iteration with respect to the iteration modulus of the preceding iteration resulting in an updated iteration value; and extracting a first iteration result value from the preliminary first iteration result value using the updated iteration value.
 23. A non-transitory storage medium having stored thereon a computer program comprising a program code for performing a method for determining an inverse of an initial value related to a modulus, the method comprising: processing an iterative algorithm in a plurality of iterations, wherein an iteration includes two modular reductions and has, as an iteration loop result, values obtained by an iteration loop of an extended Euclidean algorithm, wherein an integer result of an integer division does not appear directly in the plurality of iterations, wherein the iteration loop is performed as long as an iteration loop requirement is fulfilled, wherein the iteration loop is left, when the iteration loop requirement is not fulfilled, and wherein the iteration loop result of the last iteration is returned to obtain or to determine the inverse of the initial value. 